At the end of your work you should give the Bibliography or References – the list of sources you have cited in the text, with precise reference information. The entries of the Bibliography are arranged in alphabetical order of the names of the authors. If you refer to several works of the same author, these should be ordered chronologically, earlier followed by later. If there are several works of the same author published in the same year, they should be differentiated with lower case letters (1983a, 1983b, 1983c). You may also indicate sources that have not been quoted in your work, but contributed to it a great deal. These are included in the list of Further Reading.
Reference details are usually copied from the title page of the book or journal.
As the place of publication the name of the city should be given. If several cities are listed in the publication, indicate the first city in the list or the city where the publisher’s office is located. If the city or town is not a widely known one, you may give the country or region. Indicating the name of the publisher, drop such terms as Publishers, Co., Ltd., Inc, etc. Keep such terms as Press or Books. If the publisher is a university, the name of which contains the name of its location, do not indicate the place of publication once again.
Below are given the examples of the punctuation and layout of elements in bibliographical references to various types of sources.
Referring to a book:
(Author’s) SURNAME, INITIALS., the year of publication. Title. Edition (not necessary for the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: COHN, N., 1995. Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come. The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. 3rd ed. London: New Heaven.
Referring to an article in a book:
(Author’s) SURNAME, INITIALS., the year of publication. Title of the article. In: (author’s or editor’s) INITIALS. SURNAME followed by ed. or eds. to mark the editor. Title of the book. Place of publication, page number(s) of the article.
Example: KRAMER, F.H., 1997. Popular Perception of Political Mythology. In: M. Sanders, ed. Political Studies: Papers and Articles. Budapest: Lazlo Publishers, 64-82.
Referring to an article, published in a journal:
(Author’s) SURNAME, INITIALS., the year of publication. Title of the article. Title of the journal, volume number (part number), page number(s) of the article.
Example: MOORS, M.J., 2004. Typology of Politically Active Individuals. 15th Conference of Social Psychology: Articles and Papers, 3 (2), 79-95.
Referring to an article in a newspaper:
(Author’s) SURNAME, INITIALS. or TITLE OF NEWSPAPER, the year of publication. Title of the article. Title of newspaper, day and month of publication, page number(s), column number.
Example: STEPHENSON, K., 2005, Borrowing Wisely, Popular Financing, 22 August, p.8.
Example: QUICK AND FIT, 2006, Office Challenges, Quick and Fit, 17 May, p.18.
Referring to a conference paper:
(Paper author’s) NAME, INITIALS., the year of publication, title of the paper. In: INITIALS, SURNAME (of the editor of conference proceedings) followed by ed. to indicate the editor. Conference proceedings title, date and place of conference. The place of publication: Publisher, page number(s) of the article.
Example: MATTHEW, L., 2003. Religious Aspect of Existentialism in Remark’s Novels. In: M.H. Tailor, ed. 5th Conference on XX century Mid-war Literary Aesthetics, 15-17 April 2005 Osnabrueck. Osnabrueck: Wissenschaft, 179-203.
Referring to corporate publications (government institutions, various organisations, etc):
NAME OF THE ORGANISATION, year of publication. The title of publication. The place of publication: publisher, (reference number, if any).
Example: DEPARTMENT OF PROSPECTIVE PLANNING, 2004. Urban Transport Development in Peripheral Cities. Ivalo: DPP, (SGI/456-745-24).
Referring to theses:
(Author’s) SURNAME, INITIALS., the year of publication. The title of thesis (type). Name of school or university.
Example: BRENNT, I., 2004., Microeconomic Changes in Transitional Period in the Baltics (PhD). The University of Tartu.
Referring to films and videos:
Title, Year of release. Type. Director’s SURNAME. Place of production: Studio.
Example: Jackie Brown, 1997. Film. Quentin TARANTINO. USA: Miramax.
Referring to web-pages and e-books:
(Author’s or editor’s) SURNAME, INITIALS., year of publication. Title followed by [online]. Place, publisher. Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
Example: HARITONENKO, J., 2007. Musicalisation of Fiction [online]. Riga. Available from: http://www.textator.lv/en/articles/hrono/06-2007/35 [Accessed 5 July 2007].
Remember that referring to external sources is indispensable in academic activities. Basing your argument on the knowledge and opinion of other people is a natural way of enriching your own knowledge. The only vice is a failure to properly refer your source - you should always give the reader the best possible chance of tracing the material you have used in your work.